Track 27: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They affect people of all ages and backgrounds and can have serious health consequences if left untreated.

Common STDs Include:

• Chlamydia: A bacterial infection often without symptoms; can lead to infertility if untreated.

• Gonorrhea: Bacterial infection that can infect the genital tract, rectum, and throat; increasing antibiotic resistance is a concern.

• Syphilis: A multi-stage infection that can cause serious complications if not treated early.

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): The most common STI; some strains cause genital warts, while others are linked to cervical and other cancers.

• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Causes painful blisters and sores; HSV-1 and HSV-2 affect the mouth and genital area.

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Affects the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated.

• Trichomoniasis: A parasitic infection with symptoms like itching and discharge, more common in women.

• Hepatitis B and C: Viral infections that affect the liver; can be sexually transmitted and lead to chronic liver disease.

Prevention:

• Use of condoms and dental dams during sexual activity

• Regular screening, especially for sexually active individuals and pregnant women

• Vaccination for preventable STDs (e.g., HPV and hepatitis B)

• Mutual monogamy or reducing number of sexual partners

• Prompt treatment and partner notification to prevent spread

Diagnosis and Treatment:

• Most STDs are diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, or swabs.

• Many are curable with antibiotics or antivirals, while others (like HIV or herpes) are manageable with ongoing treatment.

Complications if Untreated:

• Infertility

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• Ectopic pregnancy

• Increased risk of HIV transmission

• Chronic pain and organ damage